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【英文标准名称】:StandardTestMethodforPropagationTearResistanceofPlasticFilmandThinSheetingbyPendulumMethod
【原文标准名称】:用摆锤法测定塑料薄膜与薄板抗扩展扯裂性的标准试验方法
【标准号】:ASTMD1922-2009
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:2009
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:D20.19
【标准类型】:(TestMethod)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:Elmendorf;nonrigidsheeting;plasticfilm;tear;thinsheeting;Elmendorfapparatus;Nonrigidplastics;Pendulumtest;Plasticsheetandfilm--tearresistance;Propagationtearresistance;Tearresistance;Thinsheeting
【摘要】:Thistestmethodisofvalueinrankingrelativetearingresistanceofvariousplasticfilmsandthinsheetingofcomparablethickness.Experiencehasshownthetesttohaveitsbestreliabilityonrelativelylessextensiblefilmsandsheeting.Variableelongationandobliquetearingeffectsonthemoreextensiblefilmsprecludeitsuseasapreciseproduction-controltoolforthesetypesofplastics.Thistestmethodshouldbeusedforspecificationacceptancetestingonlyafterithasbeendemonstratedthatthedatafortheparticularmaterialareacceptablyreproducible.Thistestmethodshouldbeusedforserviceevaluationonlyafteritsusefulnessfortheparticularapplicationhasbeendemonstratedwithanumberofdifferentfilms.Thistestmethodhasbeenwidelyusedasoneindexofthetearingresistanceofplasticfilmandthinsheetingusedinpackagingapplications.Whileitmaynotalwaysbepossibletocorrelatefilmtearingdatawithitsothermechanicalortoughnessproperties,theapparatusofthistestmethodprovidesacontrolledmeansfortearingspecimensatstrainingratesapproximatingsomeofthosefoundinactualpackagingservice.Duetoorientationduringtheirmanufacture,plasticfilmsandsheetingfrequentlyshowmarkedanisotropyintheirresistancetotearing.Thisisfurthercomplicatedbythefactthatsomefilmselongategreatlyduringtearing,evenattherelativelyrapidratesofloadingencounteredinthistestmethod.Thedegreeofthiselongationisdependentinturnonfilmorientationandtheinherentmechanicalpropertiesofthepolymerfromwhichitismade.Thesefactorsmaketearresistanceofsomefilmsreproduciblebetweensetsofspecimenstox00B1;5%ofthemeanvalue,whileothersmayshownobetterreproducibilitythanx00B1;50%.DataobtainedbythistestmethodmaysupplementthatfromTestMethodD1004,whereinthespecimenisstrainedatarateof50mm(2in.)perminute.However,specimengeometryandtestingspeedofthetwotestmethodsaredissimilar.Therateoftearinginthistestmethod,whilevaryingasafunctionofresistancetotear,isintherangefrom7.6to46m(300to1800in.)/min.Thereisnotadirect,linearrelationshipbetweentearingforceandspecimenthickness.Datafromthistestmethodareexpressedastearingforceinmillinewtons(orgrams-force,ifdesired),withspecimenthicknessalsoreported.Butsetsofdatafromspecimensofdissimilarthicknessareusuallynotcomparable.Therefore,onlydataatthesamethicknesscanbecompared.Formanymaterials,theremaybeaspecificationthatrequirestheuseofthistestmethod,butwithsomeproceduralmodificationsthattakeprecedencewhenadheringtothespecification.Therefore,itisadvisabletorefertothatmaterialspecificationbeforeusingthistestmethod.Table1ofClassificationSystemD4000liststheASTMmaterialsstandardsthatcurrentlyexist.1.1Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationoftheaverageforcetopropagatetearingthroughaspecifiedlengthofplasticfilmornonrigidsheetingafterthetearhasbeenstarted,usinganElmendorf-typetearingtester.Twospecimensarecited,arectangulartype,andonewithaconstantradiustestinglength.Thelattershallbethepreferredorrefereespecimen.1.2Becauseof(1)difficultiesinselectinguniformlyidenticalspecimens,(2)thevaryingdegreeoforientationinsomeplasticfilms,and(3)thedifficultyfoundintestinghighlyextensibleorhighlyorientedmaterials,orboth,thereproducibilityofthetestresultsmaybevariableand,insomecases,notgoodormisleading.Provisionsaremadeinthetestmethodtoaddressob......
【中国标准分类号】:G33
【国际标准分类号】:83_140_10
【页数】:7P.;A4
【正文语种】:英语


【英文标准名称】:Microbiologyoffoodandanimalfeedingstuffs-Horizontalmethodfortheenumerationofcoagulase-positivestaphylococci(Staphylococcusaureusandotherspecies)-Part3:DetectionandMPNtechniqueforlownumbers
【原文标准名称】:食品和动物饲料微生物学.凝血酶阳性葡萄球菌(金黄色葡萄球菌及其他种)计数的水平方法.第3部分:低数值探测和MPN技术
【标准号】:ISO6888-3-2003
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:国际
【发布日期】:2003-03
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:国际标准化组织(IX-ISO)
【起草单位】:ISO/TC34
【标准类型】:()
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:微生物学;食品检验;血纤维蛋白原;微生物;凝血酶;计数方法(微生物学);营养液;菌落计数技术;微生物分析;葡萄球菌属;饲料;农产品;分析;调查方法;测定;定义;试验;分析方法;食品;实验室试验
【英文主题词】:Agriculturalproducts;Analysis;Animalfeed;Coagulasec;Colonycount;Colonycounttechniques;Countmethods(microbiology);Counting;Definitions;Determination;Foodinspection;Foodproducts;Investigationmethods;Laboratorytests;Methodsofanalysis;Microbiologicalanalysis;Microbiology;Microorganisms;Nutrientsolutions;Staphylococcus;Testing;Verification
【摘要】:ThispartofISO6888specifiesahorizontalmethodfortheenumerationanddetectionofcoagulase-positivestaphylococci,usingthemostprobablenumber(MPN)technique.Itisapplicableto—productsintendedforhumanconsumptionandthefeedingofanimals,and—environmentalsamplesintheareaoffoodproductionandfoodhandling.Thismethodisrecommendedforproductswherestaphylococciareexpectedtobestressedandinlownumbersas,forexample,indriedproducts.Coagulase-positivestaphylococciwillprimarilybeStaphylococcusaureusbutStaphylococcusintermediusandsomestrainsofStaphylococcushyicusalsoproducecoagulase.
【中国标准分类号】:X04
【国际标准分类号】:07_100_30
【页数】:11P;A4
【正文语种】:英语